:host{all:initial;display:block; --bg:#1c1c1c; --paper:#242424; --ink:#f2f2f2; --ink-2:#c9c9c9; --muted:#9b9b9b; --line:#333333; --line-2:#474747; --panel:#121212; --arc:#ff6600; --arc-dk:#ff9900; --blue:#6aa5ff; --ok:#4fc88a; --warn:#e7b04a; --bad:#ff7a70; --grid:rgba(255,255,255,.03); --radius:6px; --mono:'IBM Plex Mono',ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace; --sans:'IBM Plex Sans',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,sans-serif; --display:'Archivo Black','IBM Plex Sans',Impact,sans-serif; } *{box-sizing:border-box} .mw{margin:0;background:var(--bg);color:var(--ink);font:16px/1.6 var(--sans); background-image:linear-gradient(var(--grid) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(90deg,var(--grid) 1px,transparent 1px); background-size:28px 28px;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} a{color:inherit} .wrap{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px} .mono{font-family:var(--mono)} .eyebrow{font:600 12px/1 var(--mono);letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--arc-dk)} [data-theme="dark"] .eyebrow{color:var(--arc)} h1,h2,h3{line-height:1.15;margin:0} h2{font:400 clamp(28px,3.4vw,40px)/1.1 var(--display);letter-spacing:-.01em} .sec{scroll-margin-top:90px;padding:80px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line)} .sec-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:end;gap:24px;margin-bottom:32px;flex-wrap:wrap} .sec-head p{max-width:520px;margin:10px 0 0;color:var(--ink-2)} :focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--arc);outline-offset:2px} /* ---------- header ---------- */ header.top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:50;background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--bg) 88%,transparent);backdrop-filter:blur(8px);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} .nav{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:28px;height:64px} .logo{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;text-decoration:none;font:400 19px/1 var(--display);letter-spacing:-.01em} .logo-mark{width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:4px;background:var(--ink);display:grid;place-items:center;position:relative;overflow:hidden} .logo-mark::after{content:"";width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--arc);box-shadow:0 0 12px 4px rgba(255,106,19,.7)} .logo span b{color:var(--arc)} .nav ul{display:flex;gap:4px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0} .nav ul a{display:block;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:var(--radius);text-decoration:none;font-weight:500;font-size:15px;color:var(--ink-2)} .nav ul a:hover{background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink)} .nav-right{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center} .icon-btn{border:1px solid var(--line-2);background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);height:38px;min-width:38px;padding:0 10px;border-radius:var(--radius);cursor:pointer;font:500 14px var(--sans);display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px} .icon-btn:hover{border-color:var(--ink)} .kbd{font:600 11px var(--mono);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:4px;padding:1px 5px;color:var(--muted)} .menu-btn{display:none} @media (max-width:900px){ .nav ul{display:none;position:absolute;top:64px;left:0;right:0;flex-direction:column;background:var(--paper);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:12px 24px} .nav ul.open{display:flex} .menu-btn{display:inline-flex} .search-label{display:none} .searchbox .hint{display:none} .searchbox input{padding-right:16px} } /* ---------- hero ---------- */ .hero{padding:72px 0 56px;position:relative;overflow:hidden} .hero-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.15fr .85fr;gap:48px;align-items:center} .hero h1{font:400 clamp(40px,6vw,76px)/.98 var(--display);letter-spacing:-.02em;margin:16px 0 20px} .hero h1 em{font-style:normal;color:var(--arc);position:relative} .hero .lede{font-size:19px;color:var(--ink-2);max-width:560px;margin:0 0 28px} .searchbox{position:relative;max-width:580px} .searchbox input{width:100%;height:58px;border:2px solid var(--ink);border-radius:var(--radius);background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);padding:0 120px 0 50px;font:500 17px var(--sans);box-shadow:5px 5px 0 var(--ink)} .searchbox input::-webkit-search-cancel-button{-webkit-appearance:none;display:none} .searchbox input:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:5px 5px 0 var(--arc)} .searchbox svg{position:absolute;left:17px;top:19px;color:var(--muted)} .searchbox .hint{position:absolute;right:16px;top:19px} .results{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:66px;background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:var(--radius);box-shadow:0 18px 40px rgba(0,0,0,.18);max-height:360px;overflow:auto;z-index:20;display:none} .results.show{display:block} .results a{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;padding:11px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} .results a:last-child{border-bottom:0} .results a:hover,.results a.active{background:var(--bg)} .results .cat{font:500 11px var(--mono);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;color:var(--muted);white-space:nowrap} .results mark{background:rgba(255,106,19,.25);color:inherit;border-radius:2px} .results .empty{padding:14px 16px;color:var(--muted)} .chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:22px} .chip{border:1px solid var(--line-2);background:var(--paper);border-radius:999px;padding:6px 13px;font:500 13.5px var(--sans);cursor:pointer;color:var(--ink-2);text-decoration:none} .chip:hover{border-color:var(--arc);color:var(--ink)} /* hero spec card */ .spec{background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--line);color:#e9edf1;border-radius:10px;padding:26px;position:relative;box-shadow:0 30px 60px -20px rgba(0,0,0,.45)} .spec::before{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;border-radius:10px;background:radial-gradient(400px 200px at 85% 0%,rgba(255,106,19,.35),transparent 70%);pointer-events:none} .spec-top{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font:600 11px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#93a1ae} .spec-top .live{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;color:var(--arc)} .spec-top .live i{width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--arc);animation:pulse 1.6s infinite} @keyframes pulse{0%,100%{opacity:1}50%{opacity:.25}} .bead{height:74px;margin:22px 0 18px;position:relative} .bead svg{width:100%;height:100%} .spec dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:1px;background:#2a3542;border:1px solid #2a3542;border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;margin:0} .spec dl div{background:#1b2531;padding:12px} .spec dt{font:500 10.5px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#8492a0} .spec dd{margin:4px 0 0;font:600 20px var(--mono);color:#fff} .spec dd small{font-size:12px;color:#93a1ae;font-weight:400} .spec .foot{margin-top:14px;font:12.5px var(--mono);color:#93a1ae} .spec .foot b{color:var(--arc)} @media (max-width:900px){.hero-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} /* stats strip */ .strip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:var(--radius);background:var(--paper);margin-top:56px} .strip>div{padding:18px 22px;border-right:1px solid var(--line)} .strip>div:last-child{border:0} .strip b{display:block;font:400 26px var(--display)} .strip span{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)} @media (max-width:700px){.strip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.strip div:nth-child(2){border-right:0}.strip div:nth-child(-n+2){border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}} /* ---------- toolbox ---------- */ .tool-shell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:250px 1fr;border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:10px;background:var(--paper);overflow:hidden;min-height:520px} .tabs{border-right:1px solid var(--line);padding:12px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px;background:var(--bg)} .tab{all:unset;cursor:pointer;padding:12px 14px;border-radius:var(--radius);display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:flex-start} .tab .n{font:600 11px var(--mono);color:var(--muted);padding-top:3px} .tab b{display:block;font-weight:600;font-size:15px} .tab small{color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.35;display:block} .tab:hover{background:var(--paper)} .tab[aria-selected="true"]{background:var(--ink);color:var(--bg)} .tab[aria-selected="true"] small,.tab[aria-selected="true"] .n{color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--bg) 70%,transparent)} .panel{padding:30px 34px;display:none} .panel.active{display:block;animation:fade .25s ease} @keyframes fade{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(4px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}} .panel h3{font-size:22px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:4px} .panel .sub{color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 22px;font-size:14.5px} .form{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:16px} .field label{display:block;font:600 11.5px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-2);margin-bottom:6px} .field input,.field select{width:100%;height:44px;border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:var(--radius);background:var(--bg);color:var(--ink);padding:0 12px;font:500 16px var(--mono)} .field select{font-size:14px;padding:0 8px} .field input:focus,.field select:focus{outline:none;border-color:var(--arc);box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(255,106,19,.18)} .seg{display:inline-flex;border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:var(--radius);overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:20px} .seg button{all:unset;cursor:pointer;padding:8px 14px;font:600 13px var(--mono)} .seg button.on{background:var(--ink);color:var(--bg)} .out{margin-top:24px;border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:8px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));overflow:hidden} .out>div{padding:16px 18px;border-right:1px solid var(--line)} .out>div:last-child{border-right:0} .out .k{font:600 11px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted)} .out .v{font:600 28px/1.2 var(--mono);margin-top:4px} .out .v small{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted);font-weight:400} .out .primary{background:var(--panel);color:#fff} .out .primary .k{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)} .out .primary .v{color:var(--arc)} .out .primary .v small{color:rgba(255,255,255,.6)} .note{margin-top:16px;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--muted);border-left:3px solid var(--line-2);padding:2px 0 2px 12px} .note code,.formula{font:13px var(--mono);background:var(--bg);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:4px;padding:1px 6px} .formula{display:inline-block;margin:0 0 18px;padding:6px 10px;color:var(--ink-2)} .meter{height:14px;border-radius:999px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1d7a4c 0%,#1d7a4c 28%,#c9a227 28%,#c9a227 46%,#e0761d 46%,#e0761d 66%,#b3261e 66%);position:relative;margin:30px 0 8px} .meter i{position:absolute;top:-8px;width:4px;height:30px;background:var(--ink);border-radius:2px;transition:left .35s cubic-bezier(.3,1.4,.6,1);box-shadow:0 0 0 2px var(--paper)} .meter-scale{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font:11px var(--mono);color:var(--muted)} .verdict{margin-top:18px;padding:14px 16px;border-radius:8px;border:1px solid;display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:flex-start} .verdict b{display:block} .verdict.ok{border-color:var(--ok);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--ok) 8%,transparent)} .verdict.warn{border-color:var(--warn);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--warn) 9%,transparent)} .verdict.bad{border-color:var(--bad);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--bad) 8%,transparent)} .dot{width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;margin-top:7px;flex:none} .ok .dot{background:var(--ok)}.warn .dot{background:var(--warn)}.bad .dot{background:var(--bad)} .filler-card{margin-top:22px;border:2px solid var(--ink);border-radius:8px;padding:20px;box-shadow:5px 5px 0 var(--arc)} .filler-card .big{font:600 30px var(--mono);letter-spacing:-.01em} .filler-card .row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:10px} .tag{font:600 12px var(--mono);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:4px;padding:3px 8px;background:var(--bg)} .tag.arc{border-color:var(--arc);color:var(--arc-dk)} [data-theme="dark"] .tag.arc{color:var(--arc)} .filler-card ul{margin:14px 0 0;padding-left:18px;color:var(--ink-2);font-size:14.5px} @media (max-width:860px){.tool-shell{grid-template-columns:1fr}.tabs{flex-direction:row;overflow-x:auto;border-right:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.tab{min-width:170px}.panel{padding:22px}} /* ---------- defects ---------- */ .defect-wrap{display:grid;grid-template-columns:300px 1fr;gap:24px} .defect-list{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px} .defect-btn{all:unset;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding:12px 16px;border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:var(--radius);background:var(--paper);font-weight:500} .defect-btn:hover{border-color:var(--ink)} .defect-btn.on{background:var(--arc);border-color:var(--arc);color:#fff} .defect-btn .sev{font:600 10.5px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;opacity:.75} .defect-view{background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:10px;padding:28px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 220px;gap:28px} .defect-view h3{font:400 30px var(--display);margin-bottom:6px} .defect-view .desc{color:var(--ink-2);margin:0 0 20px} .cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px} .cols h4{font:600 11.5px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 8px;color:var(--muted)} .cols ul{margin:0;padding-left:18px;font-size:15px} .cols li{margin-bottom:5px} .xsec{background:var(--bg);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;padding:14px;align-self:start} .xsec svg{width:100%;height:auto;display:block} .xsec p{font:12px var(--mono);color:var(--muted);margin:8px 0 0;text-align:center} .ndt-row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px;margin-top:20px;align-items:center;font-size:14px} @media (max-width:900px){.defect-wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr}.defect-list{flex-direction:row;overflow-x:auto}.defect-btn{white-space:nowrap;gap:12px}.defect-view{grid-template-columns:1fr}.cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}} /* ---------- NDT chooser ---------- */ .filters{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:22px;margin-bottom:22px;padding:18px 20px;background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:10px} .filters fieldset{border:0;padding:0;margin:0} .filters legend{font:600 11px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:8px} .toggle{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;margin-right:12px;font-size:14.5px;cursor:pointer} .toggle input{accent-color:var(--arc);width:16px;height:16px} .ndt-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(260px,1fr));gap:14px} .ndt{background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:10px;padding:20px;transition:opacity .25s,transform .25s,border-color .25s;position:relative} .ndt.off{opacity:.32;transform:scale(.985)} .ndt.best{border-color:var(--arc);box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--arc)} .ndt .abbr{font:400 34px var(--display);line-height:1} .ndt .name{font-weight:600;margin:4px 0 10px} .ndt p{font-size:14px;color:var(--ink-2);margin:0 0 12px} .bars{display:grid;gap:6px;font:11.5px var(--mono);color:var(--muted)} .bars div{display:grid;grid-template-columns:96px 1fr;align-items:center;gap:8px} .bars span{height:6px;border-radius:3px;background:var(--line);position:relative;overflow:hidden} .bars span::after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;width:var(--w);background:var(--ink)} .badge{position:absolute;top:16px;right:16px;font:600 10.5px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;background:var(--arc);color:#fff;padding:3px 8px;border-radius:4px;display:none} .ndt.best .badge{display:block} .reason{font:12px var(--mono);color:var(--bad);margin-top:10px;display:none} .ndt.off .reason{display:block} /* ---------- quiz ---------- */ .quiz-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 360px;gap:24px} .quiz{background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--line);color:#e9edf1;border-radius:10px;padding:30px} .quiz .qmeta{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font:600 12px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.08em;color:#93a1ae;text-transform:uppercase} .qbar{height:4px;background:#2a3542;border-radius:2px;margin:12px 0 22px;overflow:hidden} .qbar i{display:block;height:100%;background:var(--arc);transition:width .3s} .quiz h3{font-size:22px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.35;margin-bottom:20px} .opts{display:grid;gap:10px} .opt{all:unset;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #33404d;border-radius:8px;padding:13px 16px;display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center;font-size:15.5px} .opt:hover:not([disabled]){border-color:#93a1ae;background:#1b2531} .opt .l{font:600 12px var(--mono);border:1px solid #4a5867;border-radius:4px;width:24px;height:24px;display:grid;place-items:center;flex:none} .opt.right{border-color:#4fc88a;background:rgba(79,200,138,.12)} .opt.wrong{border-color:#ff7a70;background:rgba(255,122,112,.12)} .opt[disabled]{cursor:default} .explain{margin-top:16px;font-size:14.5px;color:#c4ced8;border-left:3px solid var(--arc);padding-left:12px;display:none} .explain.show{display:block} .qnav{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;margin-top:20px} .btn{all:unset;cursor:pointer;background:var(--arc);color:#fff;font:600 14.5px var(--sans);padding:11px 20px;border-radius:var(--radius);display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px} .btn:hover{background:var(--arc-dk)} .btn[hidden]{display:none} .btn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--line-2);color:var(--ink)} .cert{background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:10px;padding:20px;margin-bottom:12px} .cert h4{margin:0 0 4px;font-size:17px} .cert .who{font:12px var(--mono);color:var(--muted)} .cert ol{margin:12px 0 0;padding-left:20px;font-size:14.5px;color:var(--ink-2)} @media (max-width:900px){.quiz-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} /* ---------- library ---------- */ .lib-filter{display:flex;gap:6px;flex-wrap:wrap} .lib-filter button{all:unset;cursor:pointer;padding:7px 14px;border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:999px;font:500 14px var(--sans);background:var(--paper)} .lib-filter button.on{background:var(--ink);color:var(--bg);border-color:var(--ink)} .lib{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(270px,1fr));gap:14px} .card{background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line-2);border-radius:10px;padding:22px;text-decoration:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px;transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s,border-color .2s} .card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);border-color:var(--ink);box-shadow:5px 5px 0 var(--ink)} .card .meta{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font:600 11px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted)} .card .meta .c{color:var(--arc-dk)} [data-theme="dark"] .card .meta .c{color:var(--arc)} .card h4{margin:0;font-size:18px;line-height:1.3} .card p{margin:0;color:var(--ink-2);font-size:14.5px} .card .go{margin-top:auto;font:600 13px var(--mono)} /* ---------- newsletter / footer ---------- */ .cta{background:var(--arc);color:#fff;border-radius:12px;padding:40px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:32px;align-items:center;position:relative;overflow:hidden} .cta h2{color:#fff} .cta p{margin:10px 0 0;opacity:.92} .cta form{display:flex;gap:8px} .cta input{flex:1;height:50px;border:2px solid #fff;border-radius:var(--radius);background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);color:#fff;padding:0 14px;font:500 16px var(--sans)} .cta input::placeholder{color:rgba(255,255,255,.75)} .cta button{all:unset;cursor:pointer;background:var(--panel);color:#fff;font-weight:600;padding:0 22px;border-radius:var(--radius)} .cta .msg{font:13px var(--mono);margin-top:10px;min-height:18px} @media (max-width:800px){.cta{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:28px}.cta form{flex-direction:column}.cta button{height:50px;text-align:center}} footer{padding:56px 0 40px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:80px} .foot-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.4fr repeat(4,1fr);gap:28px} footer h5{font:600 11.5px var(--mono);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 12px} footer ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:7px;font-size:14.5px} footer ul a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink-2)} footer ul a:hover{color:var(--arc)} .legal{margin-top:40px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;font-size:13px;color:var(--muted)} @media (max-width:800px){.foot-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} .toast{position:fixed;bottom:20px;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(80px);background:var(--ink);color:var(--bg);padding:10px 16px;border-radius:var(--radius);font:500 14px var(--sans);transition:transform .3s;z-index:99} .toast.show{transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(0)} @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{animation:none!important;transition:none!important}} .mw{padding-bottom:60px} (() => { const host = document.getElementById('mw-home'); if (!host || host.shadowRoot) return; const root = host.attachShadow({mode:'open'}); root.appendChild(document.getElementById('mw-home-tpl').content.cloneNode(true)); const $ = (s, r=root) => r.querySelector(s); const $$ = (s, r=root) => [...r.querySelectorAll(s)]; const goTo = id => { const el = root.getElementById(id); if (el) el.scrollIntoView({behavior:'smooth', block:'start'}); }; root.addEventListener('click', e => { const a = e.target.closest('a[href^="#"]'); if (!a) return; e.preventDefault(); const id = a.getAttribute('href').slice(1); if (id) goTo(id); }); const fmt = (n, d=2) => isFinite(n) ? n.toLocaleString(undefined,{minimumFractionDigits:d,maximumFractionDigits:d}) : '—'; const toast = msg => { const t=$('#toast'); t.textContent=msg; t.classList.add('show'); clearTimeout(t._h); t._h=setTimeout(()=>t.classList.remove('show'),2200); }; /* ---------- hero animated bead ---------- */ (function bead(){ const path=$('#beadPath'), g=$('#arcGlow'), c=$('#arcCore'); let x=0, vals=[24,220]; function draw(){ x = (x + 1.3) % 440; const pts=[]; const end=Math.min(x,400); for(let i=0;i1 ? `M0,44 L${pts.join(' L')} L${end},44 Z` : ''); g.setAttribute('cx', end); c.setAttribute('cx', end); const flick = .45 + Math.random()*.3; g.setAttribute('opacity', x>400?0:flick); c.setAttribute('opacity', x>400?0:1); if (Math.random() < .03){ vals=[+(23+Math.random()*3).toFixed(1), Math.round(210+Math.random()*25)]; $('#hv').innerHTML=vals[0]+' V'; $('#ha').innerHTML=vals[1]+' A'; $('#hh').innerHTML=(0.8*vals[0]*vals[1]*60/(1000*250)).toFixed(2)+' kJ/mm'; } requestAnimationFrame(draw); } if (!matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches) draw(); else path.setAttribute('d','M0,44 L0,34 L400,34 L400,44 Z'); })(); /* ---------- tabs ---------- */ function openTab(id){ $$('.tab').forEach(t => t.setAttribute('aria-selected', t.dataset.tab===id)); $$('.panel').forEach(p => p.classList.toggle('active', p.id==='p-'+id)); } $$('.tab').forEach(t => t.onclick = () => openTab(t.dataset.tab)); $$('[data-tool]').forEach(a => a.addEventListener('click', () => openTab(a.dataset.tool))); /* ---------- heat input ---------- */ let hiUnit='metric'; $$('#hiUnits button').forEach(b => b.onclick = () => { if (b.dataset.u===hiUnit) return; $$('#hiUnits button').forEach(x=>x.classList.toggle('on', x===b)); const s=$('#hiS'); s.value = hiUnit==='metric' ? (s.value/25.4).toFixed(1) : Math.round(s.value*25.4); hiUnit=b.dataset.u; $('#hiSl').textContent = hiUnit==='metric' ? 'Travel speed (mm/min)' : 'Travel speed (in/min)'; calcHI(); }); function calcHI(){ const V=+$('#hiV').value, A=+$('#hiA').value, S=+$('#hiS').value, k=+$('#hiP').value; if(!(V>0&&A>0&&S>0)){ ['#hiArc','#hiQ','#hiJ'].forEach(i=>$(i).textContent='—'); return; } const Smm = hiUnit==='metric' ? S : S*25.4; const E = V*A*60/(1000*Smm); // kJ/mm const Jin = V*A*60/(hiUnit==='metric' ? S/25.4 : S); // J/in $('#hiArc').innerHTML = fmt(E)+' kJ/mm'; $('#hiQ').innerHTML = fmt(E*k)+' kJ/mm'; $('#hiJ').innerHTML = (hiUnit==='metric' ? fmt(Jin/1000,1)+' kJ/in' : fmt(Jin/1000,1)+' kJ/in'); } ['#hiV','#hiA','#hiS','#hiP'].forEach(i => $(i).addEventListener('input', calcHI)); calcHI(); /* ---------- CE ---------- */ $('#cePreset').onchange = e => { if(!e.target.value) return; const v=e.target.value.split(','); $$('#ceForm [data-el]').forEach((inp,i)=>inp.value=v[i]); calcCE(); }; function calcCE(){ const g={}; $$('#ceForm [data-el]').forEach(i => g[i.dataset.el] = +i.value||0); const t=+$('#ceT').value||0; const ce = g.C + g.Mn/6 + (g.Cr+g.Mo+g.V)/5 + (g.Ni+g.Cu)/15; $('#ceVal').textContent = ce.toFixed(3); let rate, pre, cls, vt, vd; if (ce 38 ? '≈ 50 °C' : 'Not usually req.'; cls='ok'; vt='Good weldability.'; vd=' Low hardenability; standard practice is generally sufficient. Remove moisture and observe minimum ambient temperature.'; } else if (ce 25 ? '75–150 °C' : '50–100 °C'; cls='ok'; vt='Moderate hardenability.'; vd=' Use low-hydrogen consumables; light preheat likely for thicker or restrained joints.'; } else if (ce 25 ? '150–250 °C' : '100–200 °C'; cls='warn'; vt='Susceptible to HAZ hydrogen cracking.'; vd=' Preheat, low-hydrogen process (H4–H8), controlled interpass and slow cooling recommended.'; } else { rate='Poor'; pre='200–350 °C'; cls='bad'; vt='High cracking risk.'; vd=' Preheat, hydrogen bake-out / post-heat and PWHT may be required. Qualify the procedure carefully.'; } $('#ceRate').textContent=rate; $('#cePre').textContent=pre; const pos = Math.max(0,Math.min(1,(ce-0.20)/0.65)); $('#ceNeedle').style.left = `calc(${pos*100}% - 2px)`; const v=$('#ceVerdict'); v.className='verdict '+cls; $('#ceVt').textContent=vt; $('#ceVd').textContent=vd; } $$('#ceForm input').forEach(i => i.addEventListener('input', () => { $('#cePreset').value=''; calcCE(); })); calcCE(); /* ---------- Filler selector ---------- */ const MATS = { cs: {n:'Carbon steel (A36, A516-70)', g:'cs'}, hs: {n:'High-strength low-alloy (A572-50)', g:'cs'}, p11: {n:'1¼Cr-½Mo (P11 / F11)', g:'crmo'}, p22: {n:'2¼Cr-1Mo (P22 / F22)', g:'crmo'}, p91: {n:'9Cr-1Mo-V (P91)', g:'crmo'}, ss304:{n:'Stainless 304 / 304L', g:'ss'}, ss316:{n:'Stainless 316 / 316L', g:'ss'}, ss321:{n:'Stainless 321 / 347', g:'ss'}, dup: {n:'Duplex 2205', g:'dup'}, ni: {n:'Nickel alloy 600 / 625', g:'ni'}, al6: {n:'Aluminum 6061 / 6063', g:'al'}, al5: {n:'Aluminum 5083 / 5086', g:'al'} }; const SAME = { cs: {f:'ER70S-6', s:'E7018', x:['E71T-1 (FCAW)','EM12K (SAW)'], notes:['ER70S-6 has extra deoxidisers for mill scale.','E7018 is low-hydrogen — store in a holding oven after opening.']}, hs: {f:'ER70S-6', s:'E7018', x:['E80-series for higher strength'], notes:['Match tensile strength; check toughness requirements.']}, p11: {f:'ER80S-B2', s:'E8018-B2', x:[], notes:['Preheat ~150 °C typical; PWHT often required by code.','Low-hydrogen practice essential.']}, p22: {f:'ER90S-B3', s:'E9018-B3', x:[], notes:['Preheat ~200 °C typical; PWHT normally required.']}, p91: {f:'ER90S-B9', s:'E9015-B9 / E9016-B9', x:['B91 in newer AWS editions'], notes:['Preheat ≥ 200 °C, strict interpass control.','Cool below martensite finish before PWHT (≈ 760 °C).','Keep Ni+Mn low to avoid lowering Ac1.']}, ss304:{f:'ER308L', s:'E308L-16', x:['ER308LSi for MIG wetting'], notes:['L-grade (low carbon) limits sensitisation.','Aim for ~3–10 FN ferrite to avoid hot cracking.']}, ss316:{f:'ER316L', s:'E316L-16', x:['ER316LSi'], notes:['Mo in filler maintains pitting resistance.']}, ss321:{f:'ER347', s:'E347-16', x:[], notes:['Ti does not transfer well across the arc — Nb-stabilised 347 is used for 321.']}, dup: {f:'ER2209', s:'E2209-16', x:[], notes:['Over-alloyed with Ni to balance ferrite/austenite.','Control heat input (~0.5–2.5 kJ/mm) and interpass ≤ 150 °C.']}, ni: {f:'ERNiCr-3 / ERNiCrMo-3', s:'ENiCrFe-3 / ENiCrMo-3', x:[], notes:['ERNiCrMo-3 (625) for corrosion service.','Very sluggish weld pool — manipulate carefully.']}, al6: {f:'ER4043', s:'—', x:['ER5356 (higher strength, anodise match)'], notes:['4043: better crack resistance, more fluid.','5356: higher shear strength; not for > 65 °C sustained service.']}, al5: {f:'ER5183', s:'—', x:['ER5356'], notes:['Do not use 4xxx filler on high-Mg alloys (Mg₂Si brittleness).']} }; function pickFiller(a,b){ if (a===b) return SAME[a]; const ga=MATS[a].g, gb=MATS[b].g, pair=[ga,gb].sort().join('-'); const hasAl = ga==='al'||gb==='al'; if (ga==='al'&&gb==='al') return {f:'ER5356', s:'—', x:['ER4043 if 6xxx crack-sensitivity governs'], notes:['For 5xxx to 6xxx, 5356 is the common choice.']}; if (hasAl) return {f:'Not arc weldable', s:'—', x:['Explosion-bonded transition insert','Friction / CMT-braze techniques'], notes:['Aluminum to steel forms brittle Fe–Al intermetallics under fusion welding.'], warn:true}; const lower = (x,y) => { const order=['cs','hs','p11','p22','p91']; return order.indexOf(x) ~370 °C consider ERNiCr-3.']}; if (pair==='crmo-ss') return {f:'ERNiCr-3', s:'ENiCrFe-3', x:['ER309L for low-temperature service'], notes:['Ni-base filler minimises carbon migration and thermal-expansion mismatch at elevated temperature.']}; if (pair==='ss-ss') return {f: (a==='ss316'||b==='ss316') ? 'ER316L' : 'ER308L', s:(a==='ss316'||b==='ss316')?'E316L-16':'E308L-16', x:['ER347 if stabilised grade required'], notes:['Match the lower-alloyed grade unless corrosion demands otherwise.']}; if (pair==='dup-ss') return {f:'ER2209', s:'E2209-16', x:['ER309LMo'], notes:['2209 maintains strength; 309LMo is a common alternative.']}; if (pair==='cs-dup'||pair==='crmo-dup') return {f:'ER309L', s:'E309L-16', x:['ER2209','ER309LMo'], notes:['Either 309L or 2209 per client spec; check ferrite.']}; if (ga==='ni'||gb==='ni') return {f:'ERNiCrMo-3', s:'ENiCrMo-3', x:['ERNiCr-3'], notes:['Ni-base filler is standard for nickel-alloy dissimilar joints.']}; return {f:'Consult specialist', s:'—', x:[], notes:[]}; } const bm1=$('#bm1'), bm2=$('#bm2'); Object.entries(MATS).forEach(([k,v]) => { bm1.add(new Option(v.n,k)); bm2.add(new Option(v.n,k)); }); bm1.value='cs'; bm2.value='ss304'; function renderFiller(){ const r = pickFiller(bm1.value,bm2.value); $('#fillerOut').innerHTML = ` ${r.notes.length?`

${r.notes.map(n=>`
• ${n}
`).join('')}

`:''}`; } bm1.onchange=bm2.onchange=renderFiller; renderFiller(); /* ---------- deposit ---------- */ function calcDep(){ const L=+$('#dLeg').value, len=+$('#dLen').value, rf=+$('#dRf').value/100, rho=+$('#dMat').value, eff=+$('#dEff').value; const A = L*L/2*(1+rf); // mm² const m = A*len*1000*rho/1e6; // kg (mm² × mm × g/cm³ → /1e6 kg... A*len(mm)*rho/1e6) $('#dA').innerHTML = fmt(A,1)+' mm²'; $('#dM').innerHTML = fmt(m)+' kg'; $('#dC').innerHTML = fmt(m/eff)+' kg'; } ['#dLeg','#dLen','#dRf','#dMat','#dEff'].forEach(i=>$(i).addEventListener('input',calcDep)); calcDep(); /* ---------- converter ---------- */ const CONV = [ {a:'in', b:'mm', f:x=>x*25.4, r:x=>x/25.4, va:0.375}, {a:'ksi', b:'MPa', f:x=>x*6.894757, r:x=>x/6.894757, va:70}, {a:'°F', b:'°C', f:x=>(x-32)*5/9, r:x=>x*9/5+32, va:400}, {a:'ft·lbf', b:'J', f:x=>x*1.355818, r:x=>x/1.355818, va:20}, {a:'kJ/in', b:'kJ/mm', f:x=>x/25.4, r:x=>x*25.4, va:30}, {a:'CFH', b:'L/min', f:x=>x*0.471947, r:x=>x/0.471947, va:35} ]; const cg=$('#convGrid'); CONV.forEach(c => { const row=document.createElement('div'); row.style.cssText='display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto 1fr;gap:12px;align-items:end'; row.innerHTML=`⇄`; const [ia,ib]=$$('input',row); const r4=x=>+x.toFixed(4); ia.value=c.va; ib.value=r4(c.f(c.va)); ia.oninput=()=>ib.value = ia.value===''?'':r4(c.f(+ia.value)); ib.oninput=()=>ia.value = ib.value===''?'':r4(c.r(+ib.value)); cg.appendChild(row); }); /* ---------- defects ---------- */ const DEF = [ {id:'por', n:'Porosity', sev:'Volumetric', d:'Gas pores trapped in the solidifying weld metal — scattered, clustered, linear or elongated (wormhole).', c:['Inadequate or excessive shielding gas flow','Drafts / wind disturbing the gas shield','Moisture in flux, coating or on joint','Oil, paint, rust or galvanising on the base metal','Excessive arc length or contaminated tip/nozzle'], f:['Set gas flow correctly (typ. 15–20 L/min for GMAW) and check for leaks','Screen the work area from drafts','Bake / store low-hydrogen consumables properly','Clean joint to bright metal 25 mm either side','Shorten arc; clean nozzle of spatter'], ndt:['RT','UT','VT'], svg:'por'}, {id:'lof', n:'Lack of Fusion', sev:'Planar', d:'Weld metal fails to fuse with the base metal or a previous bead — a planar, often critical flaw.', c:['Heat input too low for thickness','Incorrect torch / electrode angle','Travel speed too fast or too slow (rolling over puddle)','Short-circuit transfer on thick sections','Mill scale or oxide on sidewalls'], f:['Increase current / use spray or pulse transfer','Direct the arc at the sidewall','Adjust travel so the arc stays at the leading edge of the pool','Grind and clean between passes','Widen bevel angle for access'], ndt:['UT','PAUT','RT (limited)'], svg:'lof'}, {id:'ip', n:'Incomplete Penetration', sev:'Planar', d:'Weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness, leaving the root unfused.', c:['Root gap too small or root face too thick','Current too low','Electrode too large for joint','Excessive travel speed'], f:['Follow WPS joint geometry (gap / land)','Increase amperage on root pass','Use a smaller electrode for the root','Back-gouge and weld from the second side'], ndt:['RT','UT','VT (if root accessible)'], svg:'ip'}, {id:'uc', n:'Undercut', sev:'Surface', d:'A groove melted into the base metal at the weld toe, left unfilled by weld metal.', c:['Current or voltage too high','Excessive travel speed','Wrong electrode angle','Too-long arc / excessive weaving'], f:['Reduce current and voltage','Slow travel; pause at the toes when weaving','Correct the work angle (typ. 45° for fillets)','Blend-grind or repair-weld per code limits'], ndt:['VT','PT','MT'], svg:'uc'}, {id:'hc', n:'Hydrogen (Cold) Cracking', sev:'Critical', d:'Delayed cracking in the HAZ or weld metal caused by hydrogen, a hardened microstructure and tensile stress together.', c:['High carbon equivalent / hardenable steel','Moisture-contaminated consumables','No or insufficient preheat','High restraint and thick sections','Rapid cooling'], f:['Preheat and maintain interpass temperature','Use H4/H8 low-hydrogen consumables, baked correctly','Post-heat / hydrogen bake-out after welding','Reduce restraint; consider buttering','Delay final NDT (often 48 h) to catch delayed cracks'], ndt:['MT','UT','PT'], svg:'hc'}, {id:'sc', n:'Solidification (Hot) Cracking', sev:'Critical', d:'Centreline cracks forming during solidification as low-melting films are pulled apart.', c:['High depth-to-width bead ratio','Sulphur / phosphorus contamination','Fully austenitic weld metal (no ferrite)','Concave bead with high restraint','Crater not filled at stop'], f:['Keep bead width ≥ depth; reduce current / speed','Use filler with 3–10 FN ferrite (stainless)','Use 4043 for crack-sensitive Al alloys','Fill craters / use crater-fill function','Reduce restraint and joint gap'], ndt:['VT','PT','UT'], svg:'sc'}, {id:'si', n:'Slag Inclusions', sev:'Volumetric', d:'Non-metallic solid trapped in the weld, typically between passes in SMAW, FCAW or SAW.', c:['Incomplete slag removal between passes','Undercut or notches that trap slag','Low current, cold puddle','Poor bead profile (convex)'], f:['Thoroughly chip and wire-brush between passes','Grind convex beads before next pass','Increase current slightly','Maintain correct electrode angle and travel'], ndt:['RT','UT'], svg:'si'}, {id:'bt', n:'Burn-Through / Excess Penetration', sev:'Surface', d:'Molten metal falls through the root, creating holes or excessive root reinforcement.', c:['Heat input too high','Root gap too large','Travel speed too slow','Thin material without backing'], f:['Reduce current / use pulsed mode','Control fit-up within WPS tolerance','Increase travel speed','Use copper or ceramic backing'], ndt:['VT','RT'], svg:'bt'} ]; const SVG = { base:(inner)=>`${inner}`, por:()=>SVG.base(''), lof:()=>SVG.base(''), ip:()=>SVG.base(''), uc:()=>``, hc:()=>SVG.base(''), sc:()=>SVG.base(''), si:()=>SVG.base(''), bt:()=>`` }; const dl=$('#defectList'); DEF.forEach((d,i)=>{ const b=document.createElement('button'); b.className='defect-btn'+(i?'':' on'); b.innerHTML=`${d.n}${d.sev}`; b.onclick=()=>{ $$('.defect-btn').forEach(x=>x.classList.remove('on')); b.classList.add('on'); showDef(d); }; dl.appendChild(b); }); function showDef(d){ $('#defectView').innerHTML=` `; } showDef(DEF[0]); /* ---------- NDT chooser ---------- */ const NDT=[ {a:'VT', n:'Visual Testing', p:'First and most cost-effective method. Finds surface profile defects, undercut, porosity, cracks at surface.', s:{sens:40,cost:95,speed:95}, surf:true, sub:false, mats:['fe','aus','nc'], one:true, rad:false, rec:false}, {a:'PT', n:'Liquid Penetrant', p:'Detects surface-breaking flaws on non-porous materials, including stainless and aluminum.', s:{sens:70,cost:80,speed:60}, surf:true, sub:false, mats:['fe','aus','nc'], one:true, rad:false, rec:false}, {a:'MT', n:'Magnetic Particle', p:'Surface and slightly sub-surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials. Fast and highly sensitive to cracks.', s:{sens:80,cost:80,speed:75}, surf:true, sub:false, mats:['fe'], one:true, rad:false, rec:false, best:'surf-fe'}, {a:'UT', n:'Ultrasonic Testing', p:'Volumetric — excellent for planar flaws (lack of fusion, cracks). Gives depth and through-wall sizing. PAUT/TOFD offer recorded data.', s:{sens:85,cost:60,speed:65}, surf:false, sub:true, mats:['fe','aus'], one:true, rad:false, rec:true, best:'sub'}, {a:'RT', n:'Radiographic Testing', p:'Volumetric — ideal for porosity and slag inclusions. Film or digital image provides a permanent record.', s:{sens:75,cost:40,speed:35}, surf:false, sub:true, mats:['fe','aus','nc'], one:false, rad:true, rec:true}, {a:'ET', n:'Eddy Current', p:'Surface and near-surface flaws in conductive materials; works through thin coatings. ACFM variant for weld toes.', s:{sens:70,cost:65,speed:85}, surf:true, sub:false, mats:['fe','aus'], one:true, rad:false, rec:true} ]; const ng=$('#ndtGrid'); NDT.forEach(m=>{ const el=document.createElement('article'); el.className='ndt'; el.dataset.a=m.a; el.innerHTML=`Best fit

${m.p}

`; ng.appendChild(el); }); function filterNDT(){ const mat=$('input[name=mat]:checked').value, loc=$('input[name=loc]:checked').value; const one=$('#oneSide').checked, noRad=$('#noRad').checked, rec=$('#record').checked; const fits=[]; NDT.forEach(m=>{ const el=ng.querySelector(`[data-a="${m.a}"]`); let why=''; if(!m.mats.includes(mat)) why = mat==='aus' ? '✕ Not for non-ferromagnetic' : '✕ Material not suitable'; else if(loc==='surf' && !m.surf) why='✕ Better for internal flaws'; else if(loc==='sub' && !m.sub) why='✕ Surface only'; else if(one && !m.one) why='✕ Needs access both sides'; else if(noRad && m.rad) why='✕ Ionising radiation'; else if(rec && !m.rec) why='✕ No permanent record'; el.classList.toggle('off',!!why); el.querySelector('.reason').textContent=why; el.classList.remove('best'); if(!why) fits.push(m); }); const pref = loc==='surf' ? (mat==='fe'?['MT','PT','ET','VT']:['PT','ET','VT']) : (rec&&!noRad&&!one?['RT','UT']:['UT','RT']); const top = pref.find(a=>fits.some(f=>f.a===a)); if(top) ng.querySelector(`[data-a="${top}"]`).classList.add('best'); } $$('#ndtFilters input').forEach(i=>i.addEventListener('change',filterNDT)); filterNDT(); /* ---------- quiz ---------- */ const Q=[ {q:'Which NDT method cannot be used on austenitic stainless steel welds?', o:['Liquid penetrant','Magnetic particle','Ultrasonic','Radiography'], a:1, e:'Austenitic stainless is non-ferromagnetic, so it cannot be magnetised for MT. Use PT for surface flaws.'}, {q:'In the SMAW electrode E7018, what does “70” indicate?', o:['70 °C maximum interpass','70% iron powder','70 ksi minimum tensile strength','Electrode length of 70 mm'], a:2, e:'Per AWS A5.1, the first two digits give minimum tensile strength in ksi (70 ksi ≈ 480 MPa).'}, {q:'With 25 V, 200 A and a travel speed of 10 in/min, what is the heat input per ASME IX?', o:['3 kJ/in','30 kJ/in','50 kJ/in','300 kJ/in'], a:1, e:'H = V × A × 60 / S = 25 × 200 × 60 / 10 = 30,000 J/in = 30 kJ/in.'}, {q:'Which filler metal is most commonly used to join 304 stainless to carbon steel?', o:['ER308L','ER70S-6','ER309L','ER4043'], a:2, e:'ER309L is over-alloyed (≈23Cr-12Ni) to absorb dilution from the carbon steel and still give a crack-resistant austenitic-ferritic deposit.'}, {q:'On an AWS A2.4 weld symbol, a fillet weld symbol placed below the reference line means:', o:['Weld on the arrow side','Weld on the other side','Weld all around','Field weld'], a:0, e:'Below the reference line = arrow side; above = other side. The “all-around” and “field weld” are separate supplementary symbols.'}, {q:'Hydrogen-induced cracking is also commonly known as:', o:['Hot cracking','Cold cracking','Lamellar tearing','Reheat cracking'], a:1, e:'It occurs after the weld cools (often hours later), which is why it is called cold or delayed cracking.'}, {q:'Which imperfection is generally considered the most detrimental?', o:['Scattered porosity','Planar lack of fusion','Slight reinforcement excess','Spatter'], a:1, e:'Planar flaws have sharp tips that concentrate stress and can propagate under load or fatigue.'} ]; let qi=0, score=0; function renderQ(){ const box=$('#quizBox'); if(qi>=Q.length){ const pct=Math.round(score/Q.length*100); box.innerHTML=`

${pct}%

${pct>=72?'Above the typical 72% CWI pass mark — nice work.':'Keep going. Review the explanations and try again.'}

`; $('#qRestart').onclick=()=>{qi=0;score=0;renderQ();}; return; } const it=Q[qi]; box.innerHTML=`

${it.q}

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