This post explains the steps for measuring fillet welds, gives the information about fillet weld, its types, techniques for weld measurements and different types of welding fillet gauges.
What is Fillet Weld?
Fillet Weld means the welding joint that occurs when two plates or other shapes are welded perpendicular/ or at an angle to each other.
Different weld joint combinations are possible for fillet welds such as T- Joint, Lap-Joint, edge joint, and cruciform joint.
Types of Fillet Welds
The fillet weld appearance is triangular in shape and can have a concave, flat, or convex surface appearance depending on the welder’s technique and welding parameters.
Based on these appearances, the fillet welds are having following types:
- Concave fillet,
- Convex fillet, and
- Mitre weld.
What is Concave fillet Weld?
A concave fillet weld is a type of weld where the face profile dips inward and the throat size is smaller than leg length. This type of weld is good for cyclic loading, as it can withstand repeated stress without breaking.
The main advantage of a concave fillet weld is that it is very strong and can support heavy loads. However, concave fillet welds are more difficult to create than other types of welds, so they are not always the best choice for every application.
What is Convex fillet Weld?
Welders often strive to produce a convex fillet weld, as this type of weld face is typically seen as being more aesthetically pleasing than a concave weld face.
However, it is important to note that excessive convexity can actually have a negative impact on the overall strength of the weld, as it can create weld bumps that protrude outward from the surface.
As such, it is crucial to maintain control over the amount of convexity in order to ensure that the weld is strong enough to withstand any external loads.
Additionally, it should be noted that there is no added benefit to having an excessively convex weld; thus, welders should focus on creating a balance between aesthetics and functionality.
What is Mitre fillet Weld?
A mitre fillet weld is a weld with a triangular cross-section. It is strong but needs weld flushing to produce mitre weld. For special applications, it is used to join two pipes at an angle.
Fillet welds and predominately used weld joint types in construction, structural and general fabrication although they are not used in critical weld joint locations.
Get the best-discounted Fillet Gauges online
Check out these must-have specially selected & best-price (discounted) Welding Gauges for every Inspector & welder.
Image | Product | Details | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Taper Gage 1/64”-5/8” Stainless Taper Welding Gauge Test Ulnar Inch & Metric Standard | Taper Welding Gauge 1/64”-5/8” (1-15mm) Both Inch and Metric Standard Made of Stainless Steel | CHECK PRICE | |
7piece Fillet Weld Set Gage RL Gauge Welding Inspection Test | 7piece Fillet Weld Set Gage Metric Unit Stainless Steel Brand: RIVERWELD | CHECK PRICE | |
Bridge Cam Gauge Welding Fillet Throat Gage | Bridge Cam Gauge Welding Fillet Throat Gage, Leg length, Bevel angle measurement. Stainless Steel body | CHECK PRICE | |
V-Wac Gage Single Welding Gauge Inspection Metric Stainless Steel (Pit Gauge) | V-Wac Gage Inch/ Metric Standard Made of Stainless Steel | CHECK PRICE | |
Automatic Weld Size Fillet Weld, Butt Weld Gauge | Automatic Weld Size Fillet Weld Butt Weld Gauge Metric Unit Stainless Steel Brand: RIVERWELD | CHECK PRICE | |
Hi-Lo Welding Gauge Gage | Hi-Lo Welding Gauge Gage Both Inch and Metric Stainless Steel body | CHECK PRICE | |
Adjustable Fillet Weld Gauge | Adjustable Fillet Weld Gauge, Measure of Leg Sizes | CHECK PRICE | |
Automatics Fillet Weld Gauge | Fast & reliable Welding Gauge. Automatic Reading For Fillet throat size measurement | CHECK PRICE |
Dimensioning of Fillet weld
Fillet weld is specified by a size known as either Throat size (given as a) or leg length (given as z). You can use fillet weld size formula to calculate the Fillet Weld size.
Throat size measurement is used in ISO & British inspection standards while leg length is used in AWS (Americans) & CSA (Canadian) welding inspection standards.
So how do you define the fillet weld size?
How to Measure Fillet Weld Size using Fillet Gauge?
Leg length measurement is used mainly in American, and Canadian codes & standards such as AWS D1.1, CSA W59 & ASME Codes.
Measurement of fillet using throat size is used mostly in ISO codes, BS, & EN standards (e.g. ISO 5817). So, an AWS-CWI welding inspector will measure welds using leg length (z) while a CSWIP or IWIP Inspectors will be taught to measure fillet welds using Throat size (a).
The figure shown above is a theoretical concept of a filler weld– represented by an equilateral triangle. You will notice that an actual fillet weld is difficult to achieve with this profile unless external grinding or machining is applied on the fillet weld surface.
The actual fillet weld will have either a convex or concave weld profile.
When we design fillet welds, the shear stress calculation is based on the throat size (a) of the fillet weld. we can convert leg size (z) to throat size (a) using the below simple equation:
a = z/√2
Click here to Learn How to find out the Minimum & Maximum size of a Fillet weld.
Welding Measurements: Measuring the Fillet Weld size using Fillet Gage
The leg length refers to the distance from the root to the toe and should be measured in both directions using fillet gauges. The fillet weld measurements are carried out using two approaches:
- Measurement of the Leg Length: Where leg length (z) means the dimension from the root point to the weld toe. So, two leg lengths are there for fillet weld shown in the below figure as L1 & L2. These leg lengths are shown as usually as Z1 & Z2 in the code or standards.
- Measurement of the throat size: Where throat (a) is the measurement from the deepest point of either the penetration (fillet weld) (usually based on a cross-section).
Fillet Welding Gauge Measurement
Weld joint fit-up and final welds are checked for the correct size, shape, reinforcement height, misalignment, and geometry with the help of pre-defined templates called Fillet Weld Gauges.
A number of different types of Fillet weld gauges are used to perform fillet weld measurements.
In AWS-CWI certifications measurements of a fillet weld are taught using the Standard Fillet weld gauge set for the most commonly used weld sizes, say 1/8 inch to 1 inch as shown in the below picture.
Here, each gauge has its cut for the maximum and minimum size of a given weld.
One side of the gauge is used for convex weld while another side is used for concave fillet weld.
Before measuring the welds using the fillet gauge- perform the visual inspection and decide the type of fillet weld for:
- Concave weld or
- convex weld
- Flat fillet weld
Next, you should select the standard fillet gauge side to be used for the fillet weld size measurements.
As you can see in the below picture, the weld appears to be convex size, hence the convex side of the gauge is used for the measurement. Here, the weld size (leg length) is 3/8 inch or 9.5 millimeters.
Considering other scenarios, where the weld appears to be concave, the weld size shall size be assessed using the other side of the weld gauge where the center tab is required to touch the weld face.
You can also use an Automatic fillet gauge for fillet weld Leg Length measurement & inspection as shown in the below picture.
Welding Measurement: Measuring Fillet Weld Concavity
Here in this example a weld having the required leg length (z) is shown but the weld should be rejected due to excessive concavity resulting in reduced effective leg length.
The leg size is measured as 3/8 inch but using the concave size measurement, the effective weld size is 1/4 inch only.
The vertical black line (left side picture) visible on the gauge specifies the equivalent leg length in the horizontal direction for reference.
On the other case on the right-hand side, concave fillet weld measurement is shown.
The two black lines are visible on the gauge (right-hand side) point towards the effective weld toe of the imaginary triangle for the corresponding fillet weld based on the concave fillet.
Concave fillet weld measurement using an Automatic Fillet weld gauge is given in the below example.
Welding Measurement: Measuring Fillet Weld Convexity
Convex Fillet welding measurement is carried out using the fillet weld gauge by measuring the leg lengths (z). Fillets can have excessive convexity which could be the cause of weld rejection.
AWS D1.1 or ASME B31.3 are less stringent on excessive fillet weld convexity but ISO standards such as ISO 5817 are very stringent and define the rules for excessive convexity.
In the below first picture, the weld appears to be having a sufficient leg length size of 1/4 inch but checking the weld profile it is having high weld convexity.
High weld convexity, add the stress risers or also called notch effect on the fillet weld toe. These points could be the initiation points for weld failures and can crack the welding joint.
Such conditions are very critical for components operating under cyclic stress and hence must be eliminated for components reliability.
ISO 5817 or AS 1554.1, specify the maximum allowed convexity in fillet welds.
Click here to Download AWS tips for Using Weld Gauges.
Fillet weld measurement using Bridge cam gauge
Bridge Cam gauge is a multi-purpose welding gauge used for welding measurements of fillet weld- leg length (z) & throat thickness (a), weld reinforcement height, depth of undercut, angle of bevel or preparation, and weld misalignment.
The bridge Cam gauge is also called the Cambridge gauge.
The Bridge Cam Gauge uses both imperial and metric scales for weld measurement.
Buy High Quality Bridge Cam Welding Gage @ Best Price
What can the BRIDGE CAM GAUGE measure?
You can use the Bridge Cam Gauge can measure a range of measurements including:
- The angle of bevel preparation or checking angle of any surface.
- Excess weld reinforcement/ weld metal/ Excessive root penetration.
- Depth of undercut, Pitting due to corrosion/ erosion.
- Measurement of weld throat (a) size
Fillet Weld Weld Visual Inspection
Fillet welds are mainly inspected with Visual testing only with the addition of surface NDT such as Penetrant Testing or Magnetic Particle Testing for Critical application fillet welds.
The weld visual of Fillet welds shall confirm the lack of any overlap, lack of fusion, porosity, excessive concavity/ convexity, excessive asymmetrical leg lengths, and free from cracks.
A details visual guide for different scenarios on Fillet Weld Profile application of weld visual inspection is given in the below example.
Fillet Weld Acceptance Criteria
The Visual Inspection criteria for Fillet Weld can be referred from AWS D1.1, Table 8.1 and Table 10.15 as well as in the ISO 5817 Standard. These two are the most used welding acceptance standards where you need detailed inspection guidelines.
Similar Posts